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state of Georgia, for instance, feature a large number of these species, including cordgrass (sometimes used as fodder for livestock), shrimp, and crab. The extensive tidal salt marshes along the coast of the U.S. Commercially valuable fish and shellfish find food and shelter in salt marshes. Even large raptors such as osprey are supported by tidal salt marshes. Ducks and cormorants are aquatic birds that rely on the grassy marsh for nesting sites as well as food such as fish, shrimp, and crabs. Small birds such as terns feed on fish, insects, and crustacean species found in the marsh. Like all marshes, tidal salt marshes are home to a wide variety of bird species. Plants such as sawgrass and pickleweed can tolerate fluctuating tidal waters, which are too salty for most trees and bushes. The marsh is deeper at high tide and shallower at low tide. Ocean tides fill the marsh with salty water and cause the water level to rise and fall twice a day. Tidal Salt Marshes Tidal salt marshes form a grassy fringe near river mouths and bays and along coastlines protected from the open ocean. The dead zones that regularly develop in and around the Chesapeake Bay and Gulf of Mexico are not only the result of agricultural and industrial runoff but also a lack of marshland to process such runoff. Without the marshy sponge, runoff flows directly to the ocean, often creating coastal " dead zones" in which there is little life below the water's surface. Marshes are able to absorb toxic chemicals that leach into waterways from agricultural pesticides and industrial pollutants. Finally, draining marshes increases the direct runoff flowing to the ocean.
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More delicate species are unable to adapt quickly and may become endangered. Some species, such as cordgrass, can adapt to these changes. Saltwater intrusion also changes the chemistry of the tidal marsh, making it much more saline. This reduces the amount of freshwater for hygiene, drinking, industry, and irrigation. Saltwater intrusion is the process by which saltwater seeps into wetlands and even the water tables beneath them. The reduced habitat for fish decreases their population as more animals compete for fewer resources.ĭraining marshes also increases saltwater intrusion. The fisheries of the Gulf Coast are also reduced as marshes are drained for development. Storm surges have no marshy "sponge" to absorb the water and wind of the hurricane, and coastal communities are especially vulnerable. As marshes are drained for industrial and agricultural development, this layer of protection is diminished. Marshes cannot stop hurricanes, of course, but the wetland slows the progress of the storm and absorbs much of the surging water from the Gulf of Mexico. The marshes along the Gulf Coast in the U.S., for instance, help protect communities in the states of Louisiana, Alabama, Texas, and Florida from hurricanes. Tidal Marshes Both saltwater and freshwater tidal marshes serve many important functions: They buffer stormy seas, slow shoreline erosion, offer shelter and nesting sites for migratory waterbirds, and absorb excess nutrients that would lower oxygen levels in the sea and harm wildlife. Although all are waterlogged and dominated by herbaceous plants, they each have a unique ecosystem. Marshes are also common in deltas, where rivers empty into a larger body of water. There are three types of marshes: tidal salt marshes, tidal freshwater marshes, and inland freshwater marshes. These watery pastures are rich in biodiversity. The plants' roots bind to the muddy soil and slow the water flow, encouraging the spread of the marsh. Herbaceous plants can be annuals (which grow anew every year), biennials (which take two years to complete their life cycle), or perennials (which take more than two years to complete their life cycle.) Marsh grasses and other herbaceous plants grow in the waterlogged but rich soil deposited by rivers. Herbaceous plants have no woody stem above ground, and they grow and die back on a regular cycle. Unlike swamps, which are dominated by trees, marshes are usually treeless and dominated by grasses and other herbaceous plants.
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A marsh is a type of wetland, an area of land where water covers ground for long periods of time.
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